ABSTRACT
Broiler population is one of the most important segments of livestock due to its significant contribution in white meat production. Infectious disease outbreaks adversely influence the production potential and consequently cause economic losses. Epidemiological data regarding magnitude of these disease outbreaks is of fundamental importance for planning of a comprehensive control strategy. With retrospective design, this study was conducted from January 2013 through December 2017 in order to assess the disease burden on broilers reared in different open type poultry houses. Out of total 658 commercial farms with capacity of 4221800 broilers, across Chakwal, a representative sample of 70 farms with capacity of 448000 broilers was randomly selected for collection and analysis of disease data. Five years' data of these randomly selected farms revealed highest (44.64%) crude morbidity during monsoon season followed by 23.92%, 22.12% and 17.49% for winter, spring and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The highest (14.90%) prevalence was recorded for new castle disease followed by infectious bursal disease (11.79%), pullorum disease (11.17%), colibacillosis (8.71%), infectious bronchitis (7.87%), inclusion body hepatitis (7.79%), chronic respiratory disease (7.67%), necrotic enteritis (6.48%), coccidiosis (6.09%), mycotoxicosis (5.43%), fowl cholera (4.74%), infectious coryza (4.41%), fowl typhoid (4.22%), omphalitis (3.71%) and hydropericardium syndrome (0.05%). Maximum share in crude morbidity was contributed by bacterial diseases with highest proportional morbidity of 48.68% followed by viral (40.32%), parasitic (5.80%) and fungal (5.20%) diseases. This epidemiological data represents true picture of study population and is a valuable tool for planning of prevention strategy and research priorities.
ABSTRACT
People face numerous severe problems in their everyday life. Extortion, corruption, threat, harassment, negligence, poor public service, etc., are some common problems people are dealing with everyday. As it may take a long time, most of the victims do not have the intention to complain anymore. As a result, these issues are getting worse rather than getting resolved. There are some ways online to contact and complain to the competent authorities. However, a complainant may be hesitant to complain in fear of insecurity because of the transparency issue of a centralized system. To resolve the issues, in this paper, we will present a blockchain-based anonymous, transparent, and decentralized platform, where people can complain anonymously and interact with the authorities to resolve their complaints. An authority can start resolving a complaint after receiving it from the platform. Those facing a similar problem or evaluating a problem to be prioritized can support/oppose the complaint. Complaints like damaged roads or pandemic situations like Covid-19 may need some financial support to be solved. In this case, authorities can start crowdfunding where both complainants and authorities can donate. Ultimately, we can claim that our proposed blockchain-based platform will be one of the most secure and reliable platforms for complainants to complain about their issues. © 2021 IEEE.